Reflection Education and Reflective Practice Essay

The aim of this assignment is to give a reflective account on group presentation and the peer assessment process as well as the development of a personal action plan. It would involve using ‘The What? Model of Structured Reflection’ (Driscoll 2007) to analyse the experience of using a group designed assessment tool to assess my peers and the experience of being peer assessed. Additionally, experience of completing a group presentation would be reflected upon. A personal action plan which identifies areas for personal development and the designed assessment tool is attached as appendix 1 and 2 respectively. Reflection entails reviewing experience from practice so that it may be described, analysed, evaluated and consequently used to†¦show more content†¦Although, the assessment tool appeared simple as it involved ticking boxes. However, it was difficult to decide which boxes to tick because students demonstrated majority of the criteria but at different levels and this led to being over marked. It would have been more realistic to award marks to each criterion rather than ticking boxes. Hargreaves (2007) as well as Quinn and Hughes (2007, p270) propose that assessment tool should be both valid (assess what it claims to assess) and reliable (perform in a consistent and stable manner). It is of the opinion now following the assessment that our assessment tool cannot be considered valid and reliable for the following reasons. Learning outcome was not part of the criteria so it was impossible to make a judgement about the quality of the students presentation and thus could not be penalized. Hinchliff (1999) suggests that learning outcomes should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed (SMART). It should include an indication of the evidence required to demonstrate that learning has been achieved (Dix and Hughes, 2004), but Welsh and Swann (2002) caution that too many may create unreasonable expectations. Moreover, the ambiguity of the tool and individuals subjectivity in terms of attitudes, beliefs and values (the ‘halo’ effect) resulted in perceived bias which affected the reliability. Bias however, remains an issue to overcome and as such I feltShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Reflective Practice Within Healthcare And Nursing894 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of the theory of reflective practice within healthcare and nursing. Furthermore, the essay will identify and analyse the different models of reflective practice, the effectiveness of the models and how healthcare professionals can apply this within their profession. Also, the barriers that may prevent a healthcare professional from reflecting will be discussed in this essay and how it will impact the quality of care delivered to patients. Reflection and reflective practice can be defined in manyRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1332 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Practice in Special Education Using Action Research Sunny Suzanne West St. Joseph’s University Course Title â€Æ' Abstract: Reflective Practices in Special Education Using Action Research Title and Link to Study: Promoting Reflective Practices in Special Education through Action Research: Recommendations from Pre-service Teachers; Paula Wenner Conroy http://journals.library.wisc.edu/index.php/networks Research Problem and Purpose of the Study: What is reflectiveRead MoreReflection Of The Confucius A Chinese Philosopher s Saying Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice I would like to start my essay by sharing the Confucius a Chinese philosopher’s saying: By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) Chinese Philosopher Definition of Reflective Practice: This practice is one of the oldest theory that experienced by ancient Greeks over 2500 years ago as a concept of intention in exploration of truthRead MoreDebriefing Simulation As A Reflective Tool1034 Words   |  5 PagesDebriefing in the simulation as a reflective tool Simulation is one kind of reflective tool that widely use in nursing education. National League for Nursing (NLN) described that simulation was a teaching technique that encouraged students to use and apply their theoretical knowledge in clinical scenarios (2015). NLN (2015) also mentioned that â€Å"simulation engages learners with diverse perspectives to reflect and reframe the understanding of practice, bringing thinking and doing together† (p. 4)Read MoreCritical Reflection Is Essential For Developing An Adaptive Pedagogy1112 Words   |  5 PagesCritical reflection is essential for developing an adaptive pedagogy in that critical reflection encourages the sharing of knowledge, skills and experiences. Furthermore, critical reflective practice is a form of ongoing learning that involves engaging with questions of philosophy, ethics and practice. Additionally, documenting the daily events in the ECE sector is an important aspect of being a professional and are a compulsor y requirement for meeting the NCAC (2005) guidelines for high qualityRead MorePersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. Throughout my short time spent in Higher Education (HE) I have learned many new aspects of learning like different learning styles and models of reflection and this provides me with an opportunity to look back over these ideas and reflect. This will allowRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparing relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice In this evaluation I will analyse and compare relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice and explain how they relate to my practice and development. Reflective practice is an evolving concept. In the 1930s, John Dewey defined reflective thought as: ‘Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the furtherRead MoreReflective Reflection1266 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate key academic sources linked with reflective practice, these include models by Gibbs, Kolb and Schon. One of these reflective models will be used to provide a critical analysis of my experience on the Study Skills and Employability module. Critical reflection will be included on how I felt during the module and what I have learnt from the module as well as what I would do next time if I was to repeat the module again. Reflection/ Reflective practice Reflection involves looking back on an experienceRead MoreReflection1542 Words   |  7 Pagesis to discuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self developmentRead MoreThe Theory And Practices Of Reflection1254 Words   |  6 Pages Critical reflection is the active, organised cognitive process used to carefully examine ones thinking and the thinking of others. It draws upon skills used in other ways of thinking, but is viewed as a broader concept that’s differentiated by its holistic, purposeful, reflective and goal orientated nature. Critical thinking is central to quality nursing practice. It is therefore important that nurses purposefully use and develop their critical thinking ability in order to deliver safe and effective

Film Analysis Of Strawberry And Chocolate - 1327 Words

Tomà ¡s Gutià ©rrez Alea and Juan Carlos Tabà ­o’s Strawberry and Chocolate is an internationally co-produced film by Cuba, Mexico, United States and Spain. The story takes place in Havana, Cuba in 1979 where David and Diego found one another and then developed a unique relationship. They are very different individuals because David is a young heterosexual Communist, and Diego, on the other hand, is a homosexual man struggling with sexual and cultural repression in the 70’s Cuba. The film uses a funny and casual way to tell a forbidden controversial topic in Cuba. Public antipathy towards LGBT people is high. They are seen as the danger and counter-revolutionary members, and they would be caught and jailed by the government. â€Å"†¦Gutierrez Alea†¦show more content†¦Here the disconsolate David meets the flamboyant Diego for the first time. David meets Diego while eating chocolate ice cream. David soon knows Diego is a homosexual because he buys himse lf a strawberry ice cream instead of chocolate. The bright colors and light predominate and the hedonist Diego is the perfect expression of the carnal life, full of a wide range of seductive flavors and smells. He is used to bringing a bunch of colorful flowers and some rare books forbidden by the regime with him. Diego provocatively sits opposite to David and eats a strawberry ice-cream, symbol linked to femininity seen as a signal of his anti-conformist and ambiguous nature. Diego convinces David to go home with him, and because David is curious about Diego’s political affiliation, the two form a platonic, intellectual friendship. The film explores the progression of David and Diego’s relationship, playing particularly on the role of sexuality and politics in a light and humorous fashion. The joy of living a free life without any limit or censorships is also symbolized by Diego’s apartment full of photographs as documentation of witness. The collection of paintings, sculptures and different artifacts related to the Cuban history and arts but also to foreign cultures which are the passion he loves and showing the dissatisfaction with the government. Diego expresses his love for American actresses, Greek singers, English poets and has someShow MoreRelatedLux Marketing Mix9703 Words   |  39 PagesOF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 5 MAJOR PLAYERS 5 HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED (HUL) 7 a. Company profile 7 b. Mission 7 c. Principles of the Quality Policy 7 d. Present stature 8 e. Divisions 9 f. Hindustan Lever network 10 g. Exports 11 h. Water 11 i. Corporate Responsibility 12 LUX 13 STUDY OF LUX WITH RESPECT TO 4 P ¶s 14 a. Product 14 b. Promotion 16 c. Price «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «Ã‚ «  «...22 d. Place 23 SWOT ANALYSIS 24 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS 26 MARKET SEGMENTATION 28 POSITIONINGRead MoreAmpalaya Cupcake15271 Words   |  62 Pagesmelon affects certain hormones, including insulin and leptin. Due to its bitter taste many people don’t like to eat Amplaya even though it is healthy. As a result of this, The BBS Corporation decided to put different flavors of fruit jam such as strawberry, banana and mango jam as our minor ingredients, with this many clients will be interested on ordering our product and will be at the same time enjoying and benefited on the convenience of eating our Ampalaya Cupcake. Thus, our clients will be moreRead MoreLogistics and Supply Chain of Amul16163 Words   |  65 PagesCOMPANY’S PROFILE- An Overview †¢ GCMMF: An Overview †¢ STRUCTURE OF AMUL †¢ GCMMF VALUE CHAIN †¢ AMUL PATTERN †¢ SUPPLY CHAIN OF AMUL POUCH MILK: †¢ MARKET RESEARCH ïÆ'Ëœ DISTRIBUTERS SURVEY ANALYSIS ON AMUL POUCH MILK ïÆ'Ëœ RETAILER SURVEY ANALYSIS ON AMUL POUCH MILK ïÆ'Ëœ CUSTOMERS SURVEY ANALYSIS ON AMUL POUCH MILK †¢ MAJOR FINDINGS RELATED TO: ïÆ'Ëœ PLANT ïÆ'Ëœ DISTRIBUTERS ïÆ'Ëœ RETAILERS ïÆ'Ëœ CUSTOMERS †¢ SUGGESTIONS AND FEEDBACK †¢ QUESTIONNAIRE †¢ BIBLIOGRAPHY PREFACE The M.B.A programme is well structuredRead MoreIrish Restaurant Concept10856 Words   |  44 Pages 3 * Restaurant Concept 3 * Vision, Mission, and Goal 4 * Target market 4 * Location and Demand Analysis 5 * Degree of Competition 6 The Restaurant 8 * Food and Beverage Selections 8 * Theme and Decorations 9 * Point of Differentiation 9 * SWOT Analysis 10 Team Members 12 Restaurant Menu 13 HACCP-Based Standard Operating Procedures 33 * Personal Hygiene Read MoreEmployee Retention Techniques7787 Words   |  32 Pagesunion ltd. The sample size of this study is 100. Questionnaire is used to collect the data. There are two type of questions used in this study. First is open ended questions and second one is multiple choice questions. After the collection of data, analysis and interpretation has been done by using statistical tools such as simple percentage, chi test. Findings of the study is reveals that the company is first satisfied internal customers so it is suggested that the company is provided the better compensationRead MoreMcdonalds Strategic Analysis12693 Words   |  51 Pages* MCDONALD’S, THE SIMPLE JOY OF BURGERS. TABLE OF CONTENTS MCDONALD’S, THE SIMPLE JOY OF BURGERS. 1 1 ABSTRACT 3 2 COMPANY INTRODUCTION 4 3 FAST FOOD INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 5 3.1 Franchising Industry Analysis 6 3.2 The Industry Future Perspective 7 3.3 Industry PESTEL Framework Analysis 9 3.3.1 Political Aspects 9 3.3.2 Economic Aspects 9 3.3.3 Social Aspects 9 3.3.4 Technological Aspects 10 3.3.5 Environmental Aspects 11 3.3.6 Legal Aspects 11 4 Mcdonald’s CompanyRead MoreStarbucks Is An American Global Coffee Company6909 Words   |  28 Pagessandwiches, and items such as mugs and tumblers. Starbucks Evenings locations also offer a variety of beers, wines, and small bites after 4pm. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and Hear Music brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the company s products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. From Starbucks founding in 1971 in Seattle as a local coffee bean roaster and retailerRead MoreStarbucks7018 Words   |  29 Pagesreceived positive responses from upper level undergraduate students and from graduate students in analyzing this case. Invariably, students’ affinity for or against Starbucks’ products increases their interest in the case and their satisfaction in the analysis. INTRODUCTION In early 2008, mixed emotions swirled among th e executives of Starbucks. In light of the company’s plummeting stock price, Howard Schultz’ memo from the previous year seemed almost prophetic. Starbucks had been enjoying the benefitsRead MoreSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 Pagesdidn’t make that much profit, so we’re trying teddy bears this year,† said Angela. Chinese Club, the original club that has been selling Valentine grams for 6 consecutive years, also sold teddy bears along with balloons, roses and small pails of chocolates. â€Å"The money that we raise from Academy of Life students are â€Å"Stars for a Night† Elton John and Kiki Dee. â€Å"It was the first time that students from Piedmont danced onstage. In previous years, we did a lot of backstage work like making the sets andRead MoreAnne of Green Gables: Personality and Destiny9447 Words   |  38 Pagesliterary, womans, and childhood studies, and explore diverse themes such as L.M. Montgomery’s career and writing practices, her influence on Canadian fiction, shifting views and definitions of childhood, domesticity, identity and place, and Anne on film. This essay shows some detailed accounts of the critical reviews and studies on the enduring popularity and reception of Anne of Green Gables:its characterization ; narrative point of view ;its reception abroad in Japan and other countries;its genre

AP Ch review Free Essays

Describe the Green Belt Movement founded by Wangari Maathai Q)The Green Belt Movement is a movement that organizes poor women in rural Kenya to plant and protect millions of trees in order to combat deforestation. A)Distinguish among an old-growth forest, a second growth forest, and a tree plantation Q)An old-growth forest is an uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for several hundred years or more. Second growth forests are stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession. We will write a custom essay sample on AP Ch review or any similar topic only for you Order Now A tree plantation is a managed forest containing only one or two species of trees that are all of the same ages. Q)What major ecological and economic benefits do forests provide? A)Forests, through photosynthesis remove C02 from the air and convert it into oxygen. Traditional medicines used by 80% of the world’s population are derived mostly from plant species that are native to forests. Q)Describe the efforts of scientists and economists to put a price tag on the major ecological services provided by forests and other ecosystems. A)Scientist have attempted to put a price tag on the major ecological services by determining the alue of each depending on our usage of it. They arrived at an estimated $33. 2 Trillion dollars per year. 3Q)Describe the harm caused by building roads into previously inaccessible forests. A)Building roads in these once untouched areas of forest result in, increased erosion and sediment runoff into waterways, habitat fragmentation, and loss of biodiversity. Q)Distinguish among selective cutting, clear-cutting, and strip cutting in the harvesting of trees. A)Selective cutting is when intermediate-aged or mature trees in a forest are cut singly or in small groups. Clear-cutting is when loggers remove all rees in a certain area. Strip cutting is when loggers clear cut a strip of trees along the on contour of the land within a corridor narrow enough to allow natural forest regeneration within a few years. Q)What are the major advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting forests? A)Some advantages of clear-cutting include higher timber yields, maximum profits in shortest time, can reforest with fast growing trees, and is good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight. Some disadvantages of clear cutting include, the reduction of biodiversity, destruction and fragmentation of wildlife habitats, and increase in water ollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes, as well as the elimination of most recreational value. Q)What are two types of forest fires? A)Two types of forest fires are surface fires and crown fires. Q)What are some ecological benefits of occasional surface fires? A)The benefit of surface fires is that it burns up leaf litter, clearing the way for other plants to grow in that area. Q)What are four ways to reduce the harmful impacts of diseases and insects on forests? A)Four ways to reduce the harmful impacts of diseases and insects on forests is to ban imported timber, remove or clear cut infected forests, develop trees that are enetically resistant to common tree diseases, as well as apply conventional pesticides. Q)What effects might projected climate change have on forests? A)The projected climate change could result in trees such as the maple tree dying, for they need cold weather in order to produce their sap. 4Q)What is deforestation and what parts of the world are experiencing the greatest forest losses? A)Deforestation is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses. This is being used in less-developed countries, such as Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. Q)List some major harmful environmental effects of deforestation. A)Deforestation harms the environment through the loss of biodiversity as well as the loss of C02 absorption. Q)Describe the encouraging news about deforestation in the United States. A)The U. S. ‘s forests are steadily re-growing, occupying more land than they did in the 1920’s Q)How serious is tropical deforestation? A)Tropical deforestation is very serious because they hold more than half of the world’s known species and also absorb the most C02 from the atmosphere. Q)What are the major underlying and direct causes of tropical deforestation? A)The major underlying and direct causes of tropical deforestation are farming and settlement. 5Q)Describe four ways to manage forests more sustainably. A)ldentify and protect forest areas with high biodiversity, rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting, stop clear-cutting steep slopes, as well as stop logging in old-growth forests. Q)What is certitle m e A)CertifIed timber is timber cut using environmentally sound practices. Q)What are four ways to reduce the harm to forests and to people caused by forest fires? A)Set small contained fires to remove flammable small tress and underbrush, llow some fires to burn no public land, protect houses and other buildings in fire- prone areas, and thin forest areas vulnerable to fire. Q)What is a prescribed fire? A)A prescribed fire is one that is carefully monitored and planned. Q)What are three ways to reduce the need to harvest trees? A)lmprove the efficiency of wood use, non-tree fibers, and not using trees as fuel for fires. Q)Describe the fuelwood crisis and list three ways to reduce it severity. A)About half of the wood harvested globally each year, and three-fourths of the wood harvested in less-developed countries, is used for fuel. To reduce the severity is to establish small lantations of fast-growing fuelwood trees and shrubs, switch to burning garden plant wastes, and the use of stoves and running methane. Q)What are five ways to protect tropical forests and use them more sustainably? A)We can protect the forests and use them more sustainably by protecting large areas of forest, initiating debt-for-nature swaps, provision of assistance to neighboring farmers, paying companies to keep these forests active, and individuals planting trees. Q)6. ) Distinguish between rangelands and pastures. A)A rangeland is an unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that upply forage, whereas pastures are fenced meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forge crops Q)What is overgrazing and what are its harmful environmental effects? A)Overgrazing occurs when too many animals graze for too long, which damages the grasses, eventually turning the area into an almost desert. Q)Describe efforts to reduce overgrazing in the Malpai Borderlands. A)These efforts are the restoration of natural grasslands and making sure not too many animals graze at one time. Q)What are three ways to reduce overgrazing and use rangelands more sustainably? A)Fencing off overgrazed areas until they can regenerate, rangeland management, and replanting severely degraded areas with a native grass. Q)Describe the contlict among ranching, biodiversity protection, and urban development in the American West. A)Each group wants something that will make the other impossible, ranching for food, biodiversity protection to save the earth, and urban development for people to have places to live. Q)What major environmental threats affect national parks in the world and in the United States? A)The parks are too small to sustain many large animal species, as well s people coming into parks in search for food, wood, cropland, and other natural products. Q)How could national parks in the United States be used more sustainably? A)These parks could be used more sustainably by keeping them away from urban areas, not allowing polluting vehicles, and not destroying areas of it to create paths. Q)Describe some of the ecological effects of reintroducing the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park in the United States. A)By reintroducing gray wolves into Yellowstone, the populations of the wolfs natural prey declined, setting things back into natural order. Q)What percentage of the world’s land has been set aside and protected as nature reserves, and what percentage do conservation biologists believe should be protected? About 13% is protected, but at least 20% should be set aside. 8Q)How should nature reserves be designed and connected? A)These reserves should be designed in such a way that they have a buffer zone between them and human life, so that they get the full effect of the protection, and connected to create large areas of protected land, increasing biodiversity. Q)Describe what Costa Rica has done to establish nature reserves. A)Costa Rica has ivided much of its land into megareserves, saving much of the forests, as well as creating a large economy based around tourism and ecotourism. Q)What is wilderness and why is it important? A)Wilderness is land officially designated as an area where natural communities have not been seriously disturbed by humans and where human activities are limited by law. It is important because they contain much of the world’s species. Q)Describe the controversy over protecting wilderness in the United States. A)This controversy is to protect forests or to develop the land for our own purposes. Q)Describe a four-point strategy for protecting ecosystems. A)This four-point system includes the mapping of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems, locating and protecting most endangered ecosystems and species, seeking to restore degraded ecosystems, and making development biodiversity-friendly. a s a biodiversity hotspot and why is it important to protect such areas? How to cite AP Ch review, Papers

Urgent Primary Surgical Care Urinary Tract Infection

Question: Discuss about the Report for Urgent Primary Surgical Care of Urinary Tract Infection. Answer: Urinary Tract Infection Urinary Tract Infection or UTI is an infection of the urinary tract and based on its location, it is known as kidney or bladder infection. The kidney infection is also known as pyelonephritis and the bladder infection is also known as cystitis. The symptoms of UTI include urination and pain, increased frequency of urination and rare appearance of blood in the urine (Nicolle, 2012). Management of UTI is done with the help of antibiotics as they are the first line treatment for the disease. The type of drug and the duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the bacterial strain found in the urine. Chlamydia infection is a type of UTI that is sexually transmitted and the responsible bacteria is Chlamydia trachomatis. The severity of the disease may be extended in women to cause ectopic pregnancy and future infertility (Grigoryan, Trautner Gupta, 2014). Therefore, the management of the disease is essential for its prevention and control to prevent further damage. Th is assignment will be the management of Chlamydia infection for a 14-year-old Samoan New Zealand girl who presented to the afterhours clinic. In association with the presentation of the patient in the clinic, a question will be developed following the PICOT framework. The framework consists of the parameters of problem, intervention, comparison, outcome and time (Elias et al., 2015). Considering these parameters, a question will be framed which will be answered for the management of the disease. The clinical question for this assignment has been provided below. Clinical Question In young females suffering from Chlamydia infection, what is the applied management intervention? Compare the various outcomes from the studies in the provided treatment duration. Literature Search Using the structured clinical question, a literature search was carried out using two relevant databases. The used databases for this assignment are Pubmed and Embase as these are the prime search engines for the topics of biomedical and life sciences. These are the search engines that are free to access for searching the references and abstracts. Pubmed is used primarily used to access the database of Medline and it is selected for the reason that it is an intuitive and fast search interface that helps in the automatic mapping of the terms by automatic inclusion of the medical subject headings and synonyms in the search criteria. The rationale for the selection of Embase is that it is used for faster access to the articles that are recently published. This makes the retrieval of the articles more comprehensive and is readily extracted. It is a database containing published literature on the biomedical and pharmacological topics. Therefore, these two databases were used as sources of information. Five relevant articles were selected in accordance with the clinical question following the PICOT framework. The search terms used for the literature search were Chlamydia infection in young females, management of Chlamydia infection, comparison of the outcome efficacy of Chlamydia infection and time required for progression of Chlamydia infection. These search terms were in accordance with the PICOT framework for answering the clinical question. The search terms were used in conjugation with the Boolean operators like AND and OR with the application of parenthesis for their classification. From the database search, thousands of results were obtained and they were segregated using the inclusion criteria. The inclusion period for the literature was for the last six years that ranged from 2010 to 2016. The articles were selected based on their headings, definitions and abstracts. Filters were applied to the databases for the period of search and were sorted based on thei r relevance. The selected articles were the ones which were most recent from their date of publication compared with the other articles based on similar topics. Literature Review Table 1: Summary of the searched articles Sl. No. Author and Year of Publication Database and Name of the Article Major Theme Key Learning 1. Paavonen (2012) Database: Pubmed Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract: state of the art This article dealt with the problem section and aimed at studying the prevalence of the Chlamydia infection in young females globally followed by its prevention The study found out the screening programs for the Chlamydia infections have been over estimated and may lead to cervical carcinogenesis. The study recommended secondary prevention by screening to limit the spread of the diseases and further increase the complications 2. Geisler (2015) Database: Pubmed Diagnosis and management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines This article dealt with the intervention section and aimed at summarizing the recommendations, evidence and key questions for the management and diagnosis of the uncomplicated cases of Chlamydia infections in adults and adolescents according to the CDC STD guidelines of treatment of 2015 The researchers carried out an extensive literature search from the databases of Pubmed and Medline to find out the effective intervention methods for the disease with antibiotics like azithromycin and doxycycline. Both these medications were found to be effective for the treatment of the infection in young adolescent females 3. Kong et al. (2014) Database: Embase Azithromycin versus doxycycline for the treatment of genital chlamydia infectiona meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials This article dealt with the comparison section and aimed at conducting a meta-analysis for comparing the efficacy of 100mg doxycycline vs. 1g azithromycin for the treatment of genital Chlamydia infection in women for a period of seven days The study found that there was a small increase in the efficacy of about 3% for doxycycline when compared to azithromycin in the treatment of Chlamydia infection. Since there has been a significant treatment failure with azithromycin, doxycycline can be effective for the treatment of the infection 4. Morgan, Donnell Bell (2010) Database: Embase Is everyone treated equally? Management of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in New Zealand This article dealt with the outcome section and aimed at establishing the cases of genital infections of Chlamydia managed by the equitable factors of ethnicity, gender and age in a locality of New Zealand with higher rates of prevalence of the infection The study found the differences in the management of cases by ethnicity and gender suggesting barriers for timely and appropriate persist of healthcare. It was found in the study that the local settings of healthcare had worked efficiently in the recent times to collect the self-identified ethnicity in their systems of patient management. There was a significant lack of the effective partner notification for the various demographic variables 5. Herzog et al. (2012) Database: Embase Timing of progression from Chlamydia trachomatis infection to pelvic inflammatory disease: a mathematical modeling study This article dealt with the time section and aimed at investigates the three hypothetical processes for the progression time for the beginning, end and throughout the duration of spread of Chlamydia infection From the study findings, it can be said that complication of the Chlamydia infection can take place throughout its course that can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and screening has to be done for preventing the complications of the infection Chlamydia Management The searched articles and their key findings were analyzed to draw the relevance with the presentation of the patient for effective clinical decision making. The patient was a 14-year-old Samoan girl from New Zealand who presented with the symptoms of Chlamydia infection like stinging and burning pain on urination, increased frequency of urine, lower back pain and lower abdominal pain. Her diagnostic tests were found to be positive for Chlamydia infection that occurred from her sexual partner. According to the study by Paavonen (2012), Chlamydia infection is the results of bacterial infections that are transmitted sexually and is highly prevent globally among the adolescent females. It is evident that about 1 in 20 young women of the age 14 to 24 who are sexually active are known to suffer from the infection. In women, spreading of the infection occurs from the cervix to the upper reproductive tract resulting in various complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (Cai et al., 2012 ). Since the patient has been sexually active for 1 year with multiple partners and without any contraceptive, therefore, it is quite evident that she has developed the infection from her partner. The key to the management of Chlamydia infection includes the arrival at the appropriate diagnosis and the assuring that the patient should comply with the treatment. Adolescent females are found to be at a higher risk for treatment non-compliance as they attempt to hide the information from their parents (Foxman, 2014). It has been evident that the patient is afraid to inform her mother about the diagnosis as her family environment is not supportive and she has been a part of domestic abuse. According to the study by Geisler (2015), it was found that doxycycline could be the drug of choice along with azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia infection. Antibiotics like sitafloxacin and quinolone were also found to be effective but studies were not carried out effectively for their implications. In office single dose treatments are being increasingly in use for improving confidentiality and compliance. Treatment of the partner is also crucial for prevention of the re-infection (Flo res-Mireles et al., 2015). Antibiotic therapy has to be initiated at the earliest and the potential adverse effects, cost and compliance have to be considered and test for possible infection of gonorrhea has to be conducted. The specimens from the infection sites have to be sent to the laboratory for culture and pregnancy tests has to be carried out as they can alter the follow up care of the patient and the antibiotic treatment (Hooton, 2012). It should be advised to the patient to abstain from any sexual intercourse until the testing and treatment is complete. Since the patient is likely to know the partner from whom she has developed the infection, therefore, she has to be advised to avoid sexual intercourse with that partner and get him treated to avoid further complications. According to the study by Kong et al. (2014), doxycycline was found to be more effective than azithromycin in the treatment of Chlamydia infection due to its high compliance. The efficacy of Azithromycin was found to be 97% when compared to the 100% efficacy of doxycycline. However, non-adherence to the treatment of doxycycline is common in comparison to azithromycin due to the frequency of dosing of multiple and single dose. Morgan, Donnell Bell (2010) opined that Chlamydia surveillance could be improved by the introduction of comprehensive collection of national data with laboratory reporting of the test results in New Zealand. The local settings of healthcare have worked efficiently in the recent times to collect the data and opportunistic Chlamydia testing has to be discussed with all the people who are under 25 years of age and are sexually active. Herzog et al. (2012) stated that about 10% of the women suffering from Chlamydia infection develop pelvic inflammatory disease if l eft untreated. Therefore, for the patient, either azithromycin in 1g single dose or doxycycline in 100mg twice daily for seven days can be prescribed for the management of Chlamydia infection. She should be advised with the necessary precautions for the prevention and reoccurrence of the disease. References Cai, T., Mazzoli, S., Mondaini, N., Meacci, F., Nesi, G., D'Elia, C., ... Bartoletti, R. (2012). The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections: to treat or not to treat?.Clinical infectious diseases,55(6), 771-777. Elias, B. L., Polancich, S., Jones, C., Convoy, S. (2015). Evolving the PICOT Method for the Digital Age: The PICOT-D.Journal of Nursing Education,54(10), 594-599. Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M., Hultgren, S. J. (2015). Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.Nature Reviews Microbiology,13(5), 269-284. Foxman, B. (2014). Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden.Infectious disease clinics of North America,28(1), 1-13. Geisler, W. M. (2015). Diagnosis and management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines.Clinical Infectious Diseases,61(suppl 8), S774-S784. Grigoryan, L., Trautner, B. W., Gupta, K. (2014). Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in the outpatient setting: a review.JAMA,312(16), 1677-1684. Herzog, S. A., Althaus, C. L., Heijne, J. C., Oakeshott, P., Kerry, S., Hay, P., Low, N. (2012). Timing of progression from Chlamydia trachomatis infection to pelvic inflammatory disease: a mathematical modelling study.BMC infectious diseases,12(1), 187. Hooton, T. M. (2012). Uncomplicated urinary tract infection.New England Journal of Medicine,366(11), 1028-1037. Kong, F. Y. S., Tabrizi, S. N., Law, M., Vodstrcil, L. A., Chen, M., Fairley, C. K., ... Hocking, J. S. (2014). Azithromycin versus doxycycline for the treatment of genital chlamydia infectiona meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciu220. Morgan, J., Donnell, A., Bell, A. (2010). Is everyone treated equally? Management of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in New Zealand.International journal of STD AIDS,21(8), 595-600. Nicolle, L. E. (2012). Urinary tract infections.Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 2359-2364. Paavonen, J. (2012). Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract: state of the art.Annals of medicine,44(1), 18-28.

Irving Independent School District V. Amber Tatro Essay Example

Irving Independent School District V. Amber Tatro Paper Running Head: Irving Independent School District v. Amber Tatro Irving Independent School District v. Amber Tatro Warner University A child with disabilities is a major focus in today’s education. Achieving my Bachelors in Special Education, I need to be aware of the need to ensure appropriate education for all children with disabilities. â€Å"The education of children with disabilities is a top national priority. Our nation’s special education law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), sets high standards for their achievement and guides how special help and services are made available in schools to address their individual needs (National Dissemination)†. This is my biggest challenge. I feel with the right tools and help with administration; my job will guarantee a bright future for my students with disabilities. I came across a case, Irving Independent School District v. Amber Tatro. The findings of this case gave me some insight on the statues and limitations that I as an educator have to abide by. But it also gave me hope that we the educators have the right to make such access meaningful to handicapped children. Amber Tatro was born with spina bifida. â€Å"As a result, she suffers from orthopedic and speech impairments and a neurogenic bladder, which prevents her from emptying her bladder voluntarily. We will write a custom essay sample on Irving Independent School District V. Amber Tatro specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Irving Independent School District V. Amber Tatro specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Irving Independent School District V. Amber Tatro specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consequently, she must be catheterized (CIC), a procedure involving the insertion of a catheter into the urethra to drain the bladder, has been prescribed. The procedure is a simple one that may be performed in a few minutes by a layperson with less than an hour’s training (Irving)†. If CIC is not performed every three to four hours, it could cause injury of the kidneys. In 1979, Amber Tatro was provided special education with an individualized education program under the requirements of the Education of the Handicapped Act. This provided Amber with special services while attending early childhood development classes. Amber’s individualized education program however, did not provide administrative remedies to secure CIC. â€Å"In October 1979 respondents brought the present action in District Court against petitioner, the State Board of Education, and others. They sought an injunction ordering petitioner to provide Amber with CIC and sought damages and attorney’s fees (Eric)†. The court’s found CIC to be a â€Å"related service† allowing Amber to have a special education. The Court of Appeals affirmed and accepted the District Court’s conclusion that state law permitted be required schools to hire trained personnel to help with the needs of handicapped children. This entitles an education for those children with special medical needs. â€Å"A service that enables a handicapped child to remain at school during the day is an important means of providing the child with the meaningful access to education that Congress envisioned (Eric). † â€Å"The Petitioner’s view: First, to be entitled to related services, a child must be handicapped so as to require special education. In the absence of a handicap that requires special education, the need for what otherwise might qualify as a related service does not create an obligation under the Act. Second, only those services necessary to aid a handicapped child to benefit from special education must be provided, regardless how easily a school nurse or layperson could furnish them. Third, the regulations state that school nursing services must be provided only if they can be performed by a nurse of other qualified person, not if they must be performed by a physician (Eric). The resulting decision on this case was that yes, school’s are required to provide special medical needs for children with disabilities. What does this mean for education? It gives education and faculty the obligation to provide services that relate to both the health and educational needs of handicapped students (Eric). † It allows them to correct undesirable behaviors by giving them support for a search when one is appropriate . It shows to the students and parents what could happen if you violate the rules of the school. It also encourages the students to leave certain nuisances that are not going to encourage their education at home. As for me as a professional, this case has given me some enlightment on what the rights of the students are. Irving Independent School District v Amber Tatro has opened up my eyes to the freedom children with disabilities have. No child will be left without an appropriate education. Works Cited ERIC Education Resources Information Center. ERIC – World’s Largest Digital Library of Education Literature. Web. 19 May 2011.

The 10 Most Frequently Looked-Up Words

The 10 Most Frequently Looked-Up Words The 10 Most Frequently Looked-Up Words The 10 Most Frequently Looked-Up Words By Mark Nichol According to Merriam-Webster’s website, these are the ten most frequently search terms on the site- not what is trending now, but the words that consistently rank among the top searches. 1. Affect/Effect This double entry is not surprising; the confusion between affect and effect is one of the most common among homophones (words that sound alike but are spelled differently) and near homophones. Merriam-Webster advises that writers can use a simple rule in mind when determining which word to use- affect is usually a verb and effect is usually a noun- but exceptions in which the reverse is true are frequent enough to render this advice scarcely useful. Another mnemonic to help you distinguish the two is that to affect is to have an effect, and an affect leads to an effect. Affect usually means â€Å"have an effect or influence,† as in â€Å"Will not completing this assignment affect my grade?† while an effect is something that is the result of a causative phenomenon (hence the phrase â€Å"cause and effect†), as in â€Å"Will not completing this have an effect on my grade?† But note that affect can also serve as a noun meaning â€Å"aspect of an emotion† or â€Å"evidence of an emotion.† In psychology, to say that one presents a flat affect is to express that the person exhibits little or no emotion. In addition, effect is sometimes used as a verb meaning â€Å"bring about,† as in â€Å"Our goal is to effect a change in policy.† One can also say, â€Å"Our goal is to affect a change in policy,† but that means that one merely wishes to have an impact; to effect a change is to deliberately create the change. As a verb, affect also means â€Å"create the appearance of,† as when one affects a sophisticated manner to conceal humble origins, or â€Å"pretend,† as when one affects not to know about something that one is actually aware of. Either sense implies deception. The adjective affective means â€Å"emotional† or â€Å"expressing emotion,† while affecting, as an adjective, means â€Å"evoking a strong emotional response.† Effective means â€Å"producing a decisive or desired effect† and pertains to being actual, operative, or ready (and rarely, as a noun, denotes one who is effective), while effectual means â€Å"producing, or able to produce, a desired effect.† 2. Albeit This archaic-seeming word means â€Å"even though†; one would write, for example, â€Å"The jacket was expensive, albeit a practical necessity in cold weather.† It is one in a category of compound words combined to serve as an adverb, such as notwithstanding and nevertheless, or a conjunction such as the rare word howbeit or the common term whereas. 3. Ambiguous Ambiguous means â€Å"doubtful or uncertain† or â€Å"unexplainable,† but usually it denotes something that can be understood in two distinct ways, as when one exclaims, â€Å"I’ve never seen anything like it,† which does not inform the listener about whether the speaking is commenting positively or negatively. The first element, ambi-, meaning â€Å"both† or â€Å"on both sides,† is also seen in ambivalent (with which it is often confused, though that word means â€Å"having contradictory feelings†) and ambidextrous. The noun form of ambiguous is ambiguity. 4. Apathetic Apathetic is an adjective meaning â€Å"indifferent† or â€Å"uncaring†; the noun form, apathy, literally means â€Å"lack of feeling.† (This post discusses this and other words formed from the root pathos, meaning â€Å"feeling† or â€Å"suffering.†) 5. Conundrum Conundrum refers to complex, difficult problems or, more informally, a mystery or puzzle (or a riddle with a punning answer). The word is, ironically, itself a mystery, with an unknown etymology, although one theory is that hundreds of years ago, an Oxford University student coined the word to parody Latin; indeed, more than one spelling among various forms used in the word’s early years began with qu-, often a sign of Latin origin. 6. Cynical A cynical person is one skeptical of others’ motives or convinced that people always put their own interests before those of others. The word derives from the name of a Greek school of philosophy, whose adherents were called Cynics (from the Greek term kynikos, meaning â€Å"like a dog†); one with a cynical attitude is a cynic, and the quality of being cynical is called cynicism. 7. Integrity Integrity is the quality of being fair and honest (said of a person) or of being complete or sound (said of an object), as in the notion of structural integrity of something constructed. 8. Love Love is the most curious entry in this list, as it is a deceptively simple word. Love, however, can- as a noun or a verb- express a passion for anything (â€Å"I love that movie!†) as well as romantic and sexual feelings or behavior, in addition to religious passion. Loving and lovable are adjectival forms, and one who loves is a lover. 9. Pretentious Someone who has an exaggerated sense of importance or worth is pretentious; such a person is said to have pretensions, even if only one category of pretension exists, and a pretense is a deception (as in the redundant but idiomatic phrase â€Å"false pretenses†). The word is derived from the Latin verb praetendere, which literally means â€Å"stretch in front†; pre means â€Å"before,† and tendere, meaning â€Å"stretch,† is the basis of tender (as in â€Å"tender one’s resignation†) and tendon, the term for connective tissue that stretches between muscles and bones. (Tender in the sense of â€Å"sensitive† or â€Å"loving,† among other meanings, is unrelated.) By extension, the notion of literal stretching gave way to the meanings â€Å"stretching the truth† or â€Å"acting as if something not true is true,† and one who acts pretentiously is a pretender. 10. Ubiquitous Something widespread is ubiquitous; the quality of something existing everywhere or being encountered often is ubiquity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Dawned vs. Donned50 Words with Alternative Spellings

Business Plan for Car Hire Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Plan for Car Hire Company - Essay Example These factors include the income and expenditure of the people, the availability of the market and the effects of the global financial issues on the location of the business. The city of New York is one of the major financial hubs in the world. For this reason it is set to be susceptible to changes in the economic conditions, say fluctuations in currency. This and many others will most definitely have an effect on the spending habits of the consumers and this will trickle down to the financial performance of the business.   The major headache that comes up when developing any particular business is when it comes to setting up. This is the time the proprietor asks the question of whether it is in order to develop a new establishment altogether or just purchase and refurbish what has already been in existence. The cheaper alternative is the one which is to be sought. After this issue has been sorted out the next thing to deal with will be the availability of inputs and whether the se rvices will be timely. The car hire business can be a tricky one because there are some factors which may be beyond the control of the people involved. One such factor is the case of being stuck in traffic. This is something that can happen at any one time and it cannot be controlled by the car driver or the owner of the business.Aside from the issues dwelling on finances and the availability of the target market there are certain issues which may bring down the functionality market.... The P.E.S.T. analysis is the best way of getting to know of these traits in the environment of operation. This analysis will try and point out the effect which the political situation has on the business and its operations. At the same time it will point out the economic factors that influence the performance of a business. These factors include the income and expenditure of the people, the availability of the market and the effects of the global financial issues on the location of the business. The city of New York is one of the major financial hubs in the world. For this reason it is set to be susceptible to changes in the economic conditions, say fluctuations in currency. This and many others will most definitely have an effect on the spending habits of the consumers and this will trickle down to the financial performance of the business. The major headache that comes up when developing any particular business is when it comes to setting up. This is the time the proprietor asks th e question of whether it is in order to develop a new establishment altogether or just purchase and refurbish what has already been in existence. The cheaper alternative is the one which is to be sought. After this issue has been sorted out the next thing to deal with will be the availability of inputs and whether the services will be timely. The car hire business can be a tricky one because there are some factors which may be beyond the control of the people involved. One such factor is the case of being stuck in traffic. This is something that can happen at any one time and it cannot be controlled by the car driver or the owner of the business. Aside from the issues

Citibank IN New Countries for Futures Markets Development Essay

Citibank IN New Countries for Futures Markets Development - Essay Example Furthermore, the projected customer base also determines the market entry approach that best fits that target market. In the case of Chile, the country illustrates an ideal market size approximated at 17.4 million citizens, and with the main degree of economic freedom. In this regard, the best market entry approach for Chile is the improvement of customer engagement and satisfaction through more relevant ad timely communications. This is mainly because of the large projected customer base that in turn requires for additional attention. The real-time relationship between the customers and the bank backed by the timely communications offers in-depth customer insights through each interaction point (Czinkota 512). The turning of customer’s insights into automated and operational brilliance further paves way for the new banking service in Chile thus leading to realization of higher profits. This approach also suits Chile as it incorporates the research evidencing the deficiency of banks to provide value to their customers. Countering this pre-existent condition, this approach enhances the customer’s records using key insights such as their lifestyle and banking behavior. As a result, there exists a more relevant and effective distribution of value to all segments of the customer base. Subsequently, factors such as high ranking in World Bank’s income groups of 2012 and lower middle economy characterize Bolivia. Furthermore, the similarity between Bolivia and Chile as illustrated by the cultural dimensions calls for an entering approach that depicts slow customer attrition while building stronger relationships (Carlton 252). This approach ensures minimal dissatisfaction of customers thus preventing loss of established customer bases to competitors. Through creation of early warning systems, this approach identifies the customers’ turning points prior to their occurrence thus providing a chance to address the customers at risk. In other wor ds, this approach ensures continuous productivity through active implementation of retention measures through shaping the services according to the customer’s preferences. On the other hand, Slovenia illustrates a collective society whose members exchange adherence and loyalty. With a reduced market size, Slovenia calls for a real time customer growth initiative. This approach propels take cross-sell and up-sell to new heights by triggering the target market’s readiness to open new accounts and enjoy the services offered. Through development of cross-sell and up-sell programs, identification of customer’s readiness to create, change or start utilizing on-line services becomes predictable. As a result, the bank gains control over the sale of certain products and services through studying customer behavior. Foreign direct investment actively participates to the growth of global business through provision of new markets and applicable marketing channels (Graham & S paulding 1). Furthermore, it contributes to provision of cheaper production facilities in a country like Chile where the population is relevantly high. Furthermore, licensing accrues for significantly higher returns through engagement into relatively risky markets such as Bolivia. Following to extreme competition, foreign direct investment facilitates provision and effective utilization of new technology, products and skills. On the other hand, these aspects aid the development of a strong forward

UKs Land Use Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UKs Land Use Planning - Essay Example This responsibility is vested with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in England, in Wales and Scotland the Welsh Assembly Government and the Scottish Executive respectively. In addition these departments have to develop national planning policy guidance within which local authorities have to function (British Geological Survey, n.d.). The endeavour of the Planning Practice Standard is to develop the environmental impact assessment, EIA, as a planning tool in order to promote the objectives of town and country planning. "This PPS updates the RTPI Practice Advice Note 13, published in 1995, to reflect the requirements of the amended EIA Regulations, which came into effect in 1999". In order to implement the European Directive 85/337/EEC, as amended by the Directive 97/11/EC, legislation on environmental impact assessment has been introduced in the UK. Section 71A of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, contains the requirement to carry out EIA of certain planning proposals. (The Royal Town Planning Institute, 2001). The use of land determines irrevocably the fate of natural and semi-natural ecosystems and consequently, sustainable development is ably assisted by Nature conservation policies and their relations with land use exemplify the importance being accorded to planning. This process makes it essential to establish fundamental links between developments in particular localities and environmental changes on a world - wide basis. This methodology requires the adoption of a strategic approach to the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity (Cowell and Owens 2002). The basic human responsibility to protect and improve the environment for the benefit of present and future generations was expressed on the global level as early as 1972, in principle 1 of the Stockholm Declaration, but the Aarhus Convention is the first international legal instrument to extend this concept to a set of legal obligations (Stec and Casey - Lefkowitz 2000). Land-use planning is concerned not only with site protection but of late; it is proving of immense relevance in the adoption of a proactively strategic approach to the conservation of nature. This approach must not only concentrate on preservation of what has survived but more importantly, it has to address itself to the problem of habitat restoration and enhancement. In the UK this change is visible in legislation and in the guidance being provided to the local planning authorities from government, statutory agencies and non-governmental organisations, for ensuring the protection of the biodiversity. Planning and nature conservation policy have been influenced to a great extent by the latest interpretations of sustainable development, especially those which involve the concepts of environmental capital and capacity. The role of land use planning has been highlighted by European legislation and in particular the Habitats Directive, which aims to conserve European species and habitats . This Directive, enjoins upon national governments the requirement to nominate Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), which are to be provided with stringent protection. That there are limitations to this approach is borne out by the fact that, despite their protected status, many sites have been lost or damaged as a result of land-use change. The major culprit in this aspect has been development as defined in town and country planning legislation, which has

Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT Synthesis and Effects

Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT Synthesis and Effects Synthesis and Effects of Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT on Viability of Human Hepatocytes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Submitted by: Anna Harutyunyan Introduction Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. In 2015, according to the National Cancer Institute, over 1.6 million new cases of cancer were reported in the United States. The estimated cancer deaths for the year of 2015 were over 500,000. According to the National Cancer Institute projections, in 2016 an estimated 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the United States and 595,690 people will die from the disease (National Cancer Institute). Although new cancer treatments and therapies are designed and implemented every year, cancer is still the number two cause of mortality in the United States, therefore developing and testing new effective anticancer agents is crucial. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancers (Venook et al., 2010). The overall 5-year survival rate of HCC is less than 17%, making HCC the fastest rising cause of cancer related death in the United States (American Cancer Society 2016; Mittal and El-Serag, 2013). The annual age-adjusted incidence rates of HCC increased from 1.4 per 100,000 individuals in 1975-77 to 4.8 per 100,000 in 2005-07. An estimated 39,230 new cases of liver cancer (including intrahepatic bile duct cancers) were expected to occur in the US during 2016, approximately three-fourths of which would be hepatocellular carcinoma. An estimated 27,170 liver cancer deaths were expected in 2016 (American Cancer Society 2016). In 80-90% cases HHC occurs with and after cirrhosis. HCCs major risk factors are Hepatitis B and C viruses, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), overconsumption of alcohol and exposure to other carcinogenic substances (Mittal and El-Serag, 2013). Liver ca ncer is the sixth most common neoplasm and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths annually (Venook et al., 2010). Because of early metastasis and progression, HCCs treatment is difficult, and traditional chemotherapy has shown limited success (Sabokrough et al, 2014). A research study published in 2015 suggested that an organometallic complex of platinum (II) azidothymidine (Pt (II)-AZT) has an antitumor effect on rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It was shown that this complex was significantly more effective in tumor suppression than the AZT without platinum (Sabokrough et al., 2014). Several organometallic complexes of AZT (with Zinc, Cobalt, Copper and Iron) were synthesized and characterized previously. The Iron complex of AZT (Fe-AZT) was shown to be the most stable (Shirvastav et al.) and have antimicrobial activity against 4 groups of bacteria. Electron rich ligands like AZT effectively bind and interact with metal ions producing metallodrugs which offer promising therapeutic application in terms of combating the drug-resistant strains of pathogens. It is also logical that a metal ion can influence the biological activity and therapeutic efficacy of the bio-molecule they bind (Shirvastav et al.) Thus it is useful to investigate the effect of a metal ion on the efficacy and mode of action of AZT in suppressing malignant cells and inducing apoptosis. To date, no research has been published regarding synthesis of Pd-AZT the inhibitory effect of both Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT on malignant cells. The aim of this research project is to synthesize Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT, confirm their structure and molecular mass and test their effects on viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and normal human hepatocytes. Background Normal cell cycle In order to understand the biology of cancer it is crucial to understand the cell cycle of normal cells and cancerous cells. All cells in a given organism are under strict control of multiple regulatory agents, such as RB or p53 that control cell growth and keep the proliferative index stable. If there is a need for the cell to divide, the proliferative genes will turn on, or the suppressor genes that keep proliferation from occurring will be shut down, which will result in cell division (Hardin et al., 2014). The normal cell cycle consists of the following phases: G1, S, G2, M. During the G1 phase duplication of organelles, membrane systems and other important components happens. There is an important checkpoint at the end of this phase referred to as the restriction checkpoint, which verifies that DNA synthesis was successful and no errors have been detected. Next is the S phase during which the cell duplicates each chromosome. During the G2 the rest of the components that were not synthesized in the G1 phase are synthesized. A checkpoint after this phase makes sure the cell is ready to divide, and no errors in chromosome duplication were made. Mitosis is the next phase, when the cell physically divides (cytokinesis) making two identical daughter cells. A checkpoint during this phase checks if both of the daughter cells received the correct number of chromosomes. After division, the cell may remain in its silent G0 phase, when it does not divide, but continues to function. If any errors are detected on any of the checkpoints, the cell cycle is put on hold and the cell will undergo apoptosis. This process is governed my many enzymes and complexes, and theoretically, malfunction of any of these enzymes may result in uncontrolled cell division/proliferation. This can be the onset of carcinogenesis. Figure 1. The cell cycle phases with their checkpoints. Cancer cell cycle It is important to note that the normal cell cycle is under control of thousands of regulatory elements that are coded for by different genes. If mutations occur in the genes that code for the key elements keeping cell proliferation at bay, one level of control over the cell cycle is lost. There are cell signaling mechanisms through which immune cells detect faulty cells, send them death signals and the faulty cell undergoes apoptosis. It takes more than one mutation for a normal cell to start behaving like a cancer cell. Usually it is either the loss of the function of suppressor genes, or overexpression of proliferative genes that result in uncontrolled cell proliferation. When the cell becomes malignant, it loses the ability to respond to death signals, thus does not undergo apoptosis. The malignant cell cycle is slower than the normal cell cycle, however, since the cancer cells keep dividing and do not die, their number grows exponentially resulting in tumors (Weinberg, 2014). There is distinct cytological difference between normal and cancer cells (Figure 2). A normal cell has a smaller, regularly shaped nucleus, a low nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, is well differentiated and has well defined borders. Cancer cells have larger, irregularly shaped nucleus, high nucleus/cy toplasm ratio, are less differentiated and have irregular borders. In contract with normal cells that adhere to each other, cancer cells are less adhesive and break away from each other (Weinberg, 2014). Figure 2. The comparison of the cytology of normal cells and cancer cells. Azidothymidine (AZT), Fe(III)AZT, Pd(II)AZT Azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) is a thymidine derivative in which the 3-hydroxy group is replaced by an azido group (Figure 3). It has been shown to have antitumor effects on different animal carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of telomerase activity and by causing cell cycle arrest (Gomez et al., 2012; Hadizadeh et al., 2014, Cooper and Lovett, 2011; Matteucci et al., 2015). Figure 3. Thymidine (left), Azidothymidine (right). Since cancer cells have higher proliferation rate than normal cells, their thymidine turnover rate is higher, which could contribute to their increased sensitivity to AZT. Several studies conducted by Fang et al., have shown that a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) is significantly more sensitive to AZT toxicity as compared to the normal hepatocyte (THLE2) sensitivity (Fang et al., 2014; Fang and Beland, 2009). The current hypothesis on how AZT affects the cell suggests that AZT is phosphorylated intracellularly yielding AZT-triphosphate and AZT-monophosphate. The AZT-monophosphate can be incorporated into the DNA structure instead of thymidine due to its similar molecular structure and shape. However, in contrast with thymidine, AZT lacks the 3 hydroxyl group which is the group that forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in the DNA backbone structure. This means, wherever the AZT phosphate is incorporated in one of the DNA strands during DNA replication, the elongat ion of that strand halts (Figure 4). This is one of the mechanisms through which AZT causes damage to DNA (Fang et al, 2014). The commercial name of AZT is Zidovudine, and it is the basis of AIDS treatments. AZT blocks the replication of HIV-1 virus by competitively inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). In other words, HIV RT prefers AZT to normal nucleotides. As described above, AZT is phosphorylated to AZT-triphosphate and is incorporated into viral DNA, halting nucleotide chain elongation. It is also known that AZT-triphosphate can be incorporated into eukaryotic DNA, although its affinity for DNA polymerases is lower than that for RT (Gomez et al, 2012). It was shown that Pt(II)-AZT is more effective in suppressing cancer cells than AZT, thus it has been suggested that having a transition metal bound to the central nitrogen atom of the azido group increases the complexs affinity for G-C and A-T base pairs and the P-backbone of DNA (Das and Pitre, 2007; Sabokrouh et al, 2015). Materials and Methods Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT synthesis To carry out the synthesis of Pd and Fe complexes, solid AZT and a standard ion solution of each metal (iron nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O and palladium chloride (PdCl2)) will be purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Synthesis will be performed according to the protocol by Das and Pitre (2007). A 1:1 molar ratio of aqueous solution of AZT and metal ion will be refluxed for 3 hours. The volume of the reaction mixture will be reduced by 75% in order for the complex to precipitate. The solid product will be vacuum filtered, washed twice with ice-cold water, recrystallized and air-dried overnight. Infrared absorbance spectra will recorded for the AZT, Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT complexes. In the experiment conducted by Das and Pitre (2007) the comparison of IR spectra of pure AZT and its complex with Fe, the spectrum indicated a shift in bands from 2170 to 2150 cm-1 due to complexation through N atom of azido group. A similar band shift in the IR spectrum of Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT is expected. A Matrix Assisted Laser Ioniation/Distortion Time-of-Flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry analysis will be performed for the Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT to determine the molar mass and the stoichiometry of the complexes. The matrix for analysis will be composed of 1:1 saturated Anthranilic Acid and Nicotinic Acid (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The samples and matrix will be dissolved in 45% acetonitrile: 55% water (van Kampen et al., 2004). Cell cultures HepG2, THLE2. Liver carcinoma cell line HepG2 and normal human liver cell line THLE2 will be obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The standard protocol recommended by ATCC will be used for establishing and maintaining hepatic cell lines. The cell lines will be plated at a density of 5 x 103 cells/cm2. HepG2 cells will be cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (penn/strep). THLE2 cells will be cultured in LHC-8 medium with 70ng/ml phosphoethanolamine, 5ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (Fang et al., 2009). After ensuring sufficient cell growth and several passages of each cell line, the two cell lines will be divided into 4 groups each: control (no treatment) and treated with each drug: AZT, Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT (Table 1). Table 1. The experimental setup of the control and experimental groups of cells. Control 1 (C1) THLE2 cell line (no treatment) Control 2 (C2) HepG2 cell line (no treatment) Experimental 1 (E1) THLE2 cell line+AZT Experimental 2 (E2) HepG2 cell line+AZT Experimental 3 (E3) THLE2 cell line+Fe-AZT Experimental 4 (E4) HepG2 cell line+Fe-AZT Experimental 5 (E5) THLE2 cell line+Pd-AZT Experimental 6 (E6) HepG2 cell line+Pd-AZT The cells in the treated groups will be further categorized by the concentrations of the drug. HepG2 cells will be incubated with 2, 20 or 100  µM aqueous solution of AZT, Fe-AZT or Pd-AZT for 14 days. THLE2 cells will be incubated with 50, 500 or 2500  µM aqueous solution of AZT, Fe-AZT or Pd-AZT for 14 days. Each group of cells will be seeded at 5 x 103 cells/cm2 density in 6-well plates. The cells will be passaged weekly during the two-week treatment period. The dosage and incubation time were chosen based on a similar study (Fang et al., 2013; Matteucci et al., 2015; Sabokrouh et al., 2015). Cell viability assay After 14-day treatment period, 103 106 cells from each group will be seeded in a 96-well plate, incubated for 4 hours, and treated with MTT reagent, followed by a 8-12 hours incubation at 37 °C. After the incubation with MTT, when the cells have metabolized the yellow tetrazolium dye (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan, the cells will be treated by a detergent to release the formazan into the solution, and the absorbance will be measured at 570nm using an ELIZA reader. The number of metabolically active cells will be determined using a previously made calibration curve. The statistical differences will be calculated using a Two-Way ANOVA and Tukeys Post-Hoc Test. Anticipated outcomes. The expected mass-to-charge ratio from mass spectrometry analysis of Fe-AZT complex is 323.1, that of Pd-AZT is 373.6. Based on the published literature and the adopted hypothesis, all three drugs are expected to decrease cell viability. The concentration of either drug should have positive correlation with decrease in cell viability. Based on previous observations, it is expected that the HepG2 cells will be significantly more sensitive to both complexes, thus will be significantly less viable after the treatment compared to the THLE-2 cells. Study Participants and Timeline Anna Harutyunyan is the primary author of this study. She is currently a senior biology and chemistry major at Wilson College. This project will serve as Annas senior research project. She will conduct the research and present the results with the supervision of her advisors Dr. Deborah S. Austin (Sponsoring PAS member) and Dr. M. Dana Harriger (PAS Member). The research study began in September 2016 and will be completed by April 2017. Annas research findings will be analyzed and written as her senior thesis. Anna will also present her findings at the 2017 Pennsylvania Academy of Science meeting and at the Wilson College research colloquium. Budget Item Price MTT Assay Kit (ThermoFisher) $235.00 Zidovudine (Sigma) $124.00 LHC-8 medium (Gibco) $140.00 Total $499.00 Facilities and Equipment The MALDI TOF mass spectrophotometer will be provided by Pennsylvania State College of Medicine Mass Spectrometry Facility under supervision of Bruce Stanley, PhD. All materials, other instruments, and equipment not listed, including cell culture media and supplies, will be provided by the Department of Physical and Life Science of Wilson College. References       American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts Figures 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016. Bilsland AE, Stevenson K, Liu Y, Hoare S, Cairney CJ, Roffey J, et al. (2014) Mathematical Model of a Telomerase Transcriptional Regulatory Network Developed by Cell-Based Screening: Analysis of Inhibitor Effects and Telomerase Expression Mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 10(2): e1003448. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003448 BIOL2060 Cell Cycle [Photograph found in Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland]. (2015). In Hardin Bertoni (Authors). Retrieved March 30, 2016, from http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-19/CB19.html Chen, Yi-Bin. Liver Cancer Hepatocellular Carcinoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Aug. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. Cooper, D. L., Lovett, S. T. (2011). Toxicity and tolerance mechanisms for azidothymidine, a replication gap-promoting agent, in Escherichia coli. DNA Repair, 10(3), 260-270. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.11.007 Das, R., Pitre, K. S. (september 2007). Bioinorganic studies on Fe (II)- zidovudine (azt) complex. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 14, 526-528. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Fang, J.-L., Beland, F. A. (2009). Long-Term Exposure to Zidovudine Delays Cell Cycle Progression, Induces Apoptosis, and Decreases Telomerase Activity in Human Hepatocytes. Toxicological Sciences, 111(1), 120-130. http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp136 Fang, J., Han, T., Wu, Q., Beland, F., Chang, C., Guo, L., Fuscoe, J. (2014). Differential gene expression in human hepatocyte cell lines exposed to the antiretroviral agent zidovudine. Archives Of Toxicology, 88(3), 609-623. doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1169-3 Gomez, D. E., Armando, R. G., Alonso, D. F. (2012). AZT as a telomerase inhibitor. Frontiers in Oncology, 2, 113th ser. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434370/ Hadizadeh, S., Najafzadeh, N., Mazani, M., Amani, M., Mansouri-Torshizi, H., Niapour, A. (2014). Cytotoxic Effects of Newly Synthesized Palladium(II) Complexes of Diethyldithiocarbamate on Gastrointestinal Cancer Cell Lines. Biochemistry Research International, 1-9.doi:10.1155/2014/813457 Hardin, J., Bertoni, G., Kleinsmith, L. J., Becker, W. M. (2014). Beckers world of the cell (8th ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. Harrington, J. A., Reardon, J. E., Spector, T. (1993). 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine (AZT) monophosphate: an inhibitor of exonucleolytic repair of AZT-terminated DNA. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 37(4), 918-920. van Kampen Jeroen J.A., Fraaij Pieter L.A., Vishal Hira, van Rossum Annemarie M.C., Hartwig, Nico G., de Groot Ronald, Luider Theo M.. A new method for analysis of AZT- triphosphate and nucleotide-triphosphates. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 316, Issue 3, 9 April 2004, 151-159] Matteucci, C., Minutolo, A., Marino-Merlo, F., Grelli, S., Frezza, C., Mastino, A., Macchi, B. (2015). Characterization of the enhanced apoptotic response to azidothymidine by pharmacological inhibition of NF-kB. Life Sciences, 127, 90-97. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.038 Mittal, S., El-Serag, H. B. (2013). Epidemiology of HCC: Consider the Population. Journal ofClinical Gastroenterology, 47(0), S2-S6.http://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182872f29 National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html Neto, V. (2013, January). AZT action [Photograph found in Organic Chemistry]. Retrieved April 1, 2016, from http://wwwblogvine.blogspot.com/2013/01/azt-was-originally-intendedto- treat.html (Originally photographed 2013, January 20) Normal And Cancer Cells Structure [Photograph found in Cells or Tissue Abnormal Cells or Tissue Cells or Tissue Normal Cells or Tissue Historical Graphics, National Cancer Institute]. (2001, January 1). In P. Kenny (Illustrator). Retrieved April 1, 2016, from https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2512 (Originally illustrated 1990, April) Pichard, L., Raulet, E., Fabre, G., Ferrini, J. B., Ourlin, J. C., Maurel, P. (2006, February). Human hepatocyte culture. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7063976_Human_hepatocyte_culture Sabokrouh, A., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Goodarzi, M. T., Khatami, S., Taghizadeh-jahed, M., Shahabadi, N., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Shakiba, Y. (2015). Comparison between Platinum-Azidothymidine and Azidothymidine Effects on Bcl-2 and Telomerase Gene Expression in Rats with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 7(2), 50-56. Sabokrouh, A., Goodarzi, M. T., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Khatami, S., Taghizadeh-Jahed, M. (2014). Effects of Treatment with Platinum Azidothymidine and Azidothymidine on Telomerase Activity and Bcl-2 Concentration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Induced Rats. Avicenna Journal Of Medical Biotechnology, 6(4), 200-209. Telomere Shortening Determines the Proliferative Lifespan of Human Diploid Fibroblasts. 2001. Nature Reviews. By Nicole F. Mathon and Alison C. Lloyd. Web. 21 Mar. 2016. ThermoFisher Scientific. (n.d.). MRNA Extraction. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/dna-rna-purification-analysis/rna- extraction/rna-types/mrna-extraction.html Venook, A. P., Papandreou, C., Furuse, J., De Guevara, L. L. (2010). The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Persprective. The Oncologist, 4(15), 5-13. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/15/suppl_4/5.long Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Garland Science, 2014. Print.

The Radical Changes Resulting from the American Revolution Essay

All of us alive today have grown up learning about the American Revolution. Although it contains the word â€Å"revolution† in its name, there are many who don’t consider the American Revolution a real revolution. After considering the definition of a revolution – a radical change of an entire system, usually by war, resulting in a change of the way of life of the people involved – and the American society before and after the American Revolution, it is obvious that those who don’t consider the American Revolution a revolution are mistaken. Among the many aspects of colonial society affected by the American Revolution, those most greatly affected by the revolution were the attitude towards slavery, the role of women, and the role of trade. The Civil War, as well as events associated with it, being a large part of our history, is taught to all children in America at an early age. Growing up, we are taught the evils of slavery and how slaves were treated poorly. The evils about which we’ve been taught were actually occurring prior to the American Revolution. Over the course of the revolution, the attitude toward and treatment of slaves changed. Before the American Revolution, many people, though not all, thought of slaves as â€Å"subhuman† or as animals. Even among those who gave the slaves the good treatment they deserved, there was still a feeling that the whites were better than the slaves. How many black people did could have been seen living in their nice house with a few white slaves? None; that sight was non-existent. The few black people who were free had little money. Had they been wealthy, there was still no way they ever would have found a white person who would have been their slave. Nor would that have been allowed. ... ...heir own laws about trade (once the Constitution was written). The colonies, not Britain, could decide who they traded with and what taxes they charged; they had complete control over the system of trade. The term â€Å"revolution† requires a radical change of an entire system that changes people’s lives. Slavery, the attitudes toward women, and the trade system were only a few parts of the entire system that changed during the American Revolution. Not to mention the change in government from a Monarchy to a Democracy! People’s lives have been different ever since the American Revolution. Had the colonists never broken away from Britain, we wouldn’t be studying American history. Rather, we’d be studying British history. The large step of breaking away from England has radically changed the way the colonists lived and has had a huge influence on the way we live today. The Radical Changes Resulting from the American Revolution Essay All of us alive today have grown up learning about the American Revolution. Although it contains the word â€Å"revolution† in its name, there are many who don’t consider the American Revolution a real revolution. After considering the definition of a revolution – a radical change of an entire system, usually by war, resulting in a change of the way of life of the people involved – and the American society before and after the American Revolution, it is obvious that those who don’t consider the American Revolution a revolution are mistaken. Among the many aspects of colonial society affected by the American Revolution, those most greatly affected by the revolution were the attitude towards slavery, the role of women, and the role of trade. The Civil War, as well as events associated with it, being a large part of our history, is taught to all children in America at an early age. Growing up, we are taught the evils of slavery and how slaves were treated poorly. The evils about which we’ve been taught were actually occurring prior to the American Revolution. Over the course of the revolution, the attitude toward and treatment of slaves changed. Before the American Revolution, many people, though not all, thought of slaves as â€Å"subhuman† or as animals. Even among those who gave the slaves the good treatment they deserved, there was still a feeling that the whites were better than the slaves. How many black people did could have been seen living in their nice house with a few white slaves? None; that sight was non-existent. The few black people who were free had little money. Had they been wealthy, there was still no way they ever would have found a white person who would have been their slave. Nor would that have been allowed. ... ...heir own laws about trade (once the Constitution was written). The colonies, not Britain, could decide who they traded with and what taxes they charged; they had complete control over the system of trade. The term â€Å"revolution† requires a radical change of an entire system that changes people’s lives. Slavery, the attitudes toward women, and the trade system were only a few parts of the entire system that changed during the American Revolution. Not to mention the change in government from a Monarchy to a Democracy! People’s lives have been different ever since the American Revolution. Had the colonists never broken away from Britain, we wouldn’t be studying American history. Rather, we’d be studying British history. The large step of breaking away from England has radically changed the way the colonists lived and has had a huge influence on the way we live today.